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The central concern of this paper is to analyse the dynamics of the land reform policy- making process in South Africa and Kenya. In this paper, land reform policy is viewed as a political and economic process that is geared to effect a sustainable transition to democracy. However, it will be argued that certain key imperatives such as national and global capital interests, political stability, nation building and reconciliation have come to undermine the historical impetus to have a radical and wide ranging land reform programme in post-colonial Kenya and post-apartheid South Africa. It will be shown that both policies were essentially elite-driven, top-down in character and the participatory approaches they alluded to were merely strategies of legitimisation used to rubber stamp the imperatives of reconciliation in both countries. The comparative discussion used in this paper, attempts to locate the similarities and differences that characterise the land reform policy process in these two countries.
This article focuses on struggles to secure and defend the land rights of the poor in Africa.
A very brief introduction sketches the impact of liberalisation on land in Africa, then looks at the deeper context of land reform, and at the current role of donors. The article goes on to look at detailed case studies of Uganda, Mozambique and South Africa and examines reasons for successes and failures of pro-poor land struggles in those countries. It concludes by focusing on the issue of redistribution in Southern Africa.
Die einflussreichste Initiative zur Förderung von Landreformen geht seit Mitte der 90er Jahre von der Weltbank aus. Anders als klassische Landreformen verzichtet das marktgestützte Landreformmodell auf die Enteignung von Großgrundbesitz und setzt auf das nachfrageorientierte Prinzip des willing buyer willing seller. Auf der Grundlage empirischer Analysen bisheriger Projekte in Brasilien, Kolumbien und Südafrika zeigt der vorliegende Artikel auf, dass marktgestützte Landreformen hinter den Erwartungen der Weltbank weit zurückgeblieben sind. Dies betrifft sowohl den Umfang der transferierten Ländereien als auch die wirtschaftliche Nachhaltigkeit der begünstigten Betriebe. Insbesondere die Verdrängung staatlich gelenkter Landreformen durch eine ausschließliche Förderung marktgestützter Landreformen seitens der Weltbank stellt eine Verletzung des im UN-Sozialpakt verankerten Menschenrechts auf Nahrung dar. Für dessen Umsetzung ist die rechtsstaatlich geregelte Enteignung von Großgrundbesitz, der seine soziale Funktion nicht erfüllt, nämlich ein grundlegendes Instrument.
Like other countries in the region, Botswana inherited a dual system of statutory and customary tenure at independence. Despite the contrasting characteristics of these two systems, it has developed a robust land administration, which has greatly contributed to good governance and economic progress. Its land tenure policy has been described as one of careful change, responding to particular needs with specific tenure innovations. Botswana continues to adapt its land administration, based on customary rights and values, to a rapidly urbanising economy and expanding land market. Its approach is of interest because it is finding solutions to problems that continue to elude its neighbours.
This article first gives a brief overview on how the gender debate featured in the process of land reform in Tanzania and asks why socioeconomic arguments have to be used by advocates of gender equitable land rights. It then focuses on the area of the case study, the Uluguru mountains, and shows that the need for registration is rather a consequence of its possibility and not of deficiencies of tenure security within the customary system and that informal access to land can be experienced as more secure than formal registration. It further argues that demand to use land as collateral is low and riskawareness especially among women high. The article concludes by pointing out that lobbying for change of legislation might not be the most effective way to achieve gender equitable rights to land.
Local level legal practices concerning land in Burkina Faso neither represent the formal legal rules and institutions as prescribed by the law, nor totally disregard state institutions and legislation. Rather, a creatively crafted amalgam of rules and practices emerges as a negotiated result mediated through power relations. It is argued that despite ambiguous and negotiable legislation and despite inconsequential and challenged institutions, the state has a profound, though oblique, effect on the social management of property. The state or rather the way the state is imagined is central to the production of property.